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i2c驱动:gpio模拟i2c

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有关linux的i2c相关文章有一下几篇,他们互相关联,应该一同看:

    - i2c 驱动一:简介

    - i2c 驱动二:devfs文件系统

    - i2c 驱动三:自己实现设备和驱动分离

    - i2c 驱动四:sysfs文件系统

    - i2c 驱动五:gpio模拟i2c


1. 简介:

gpio模拟i2c驱动可以解决i2c控制器不足的问题,但是,相对的可能要占用更多的cpu时间,此程序依然使用的是jz2440开发板


2. 内核提供的代码分析:

我们从 i2c-gpio.c 开始,文件路径:drivers/i2c/busses

(1)i2c的gpio的私有的数据 结构体如下:

struct i2c_gpio_private_data {
	struct i2c_adapter adap;
	struct i2c_algo_bit_data bit_data;
	struct i2c_gpio_platform_data pdata;
};

其中第一个成员 i2c_adapter 不在展开,他提供了i2c的通信方法

第二个成员i2c_algo_bit_data,功能和参数写在函数中,他提供了操作具体硬件上的方法

/* --- Defines for bit-adapters ---------------------------------------	*/
/*
 * 这个结构体中包含了对线的操作的函数,从名字上我们可以看出
 */
struct i2c_algo_bit_data {
	void *data;		/* private data for lowlevel routines */
	void (*setsda) (void *data, int state); /* 一些操作线的高低电平的函数 */
	void (*setscl) (void *data, int state);
	int  (*getsda) (void *data);
	int  (*getscl) (void *data);
	int  (*pre_xfer)  (struct i2c_adapter *);
	void (*post_xfer) (struct i2c_adapter *);

	/* local settings */
	int udelay;		/* half clock cycle time in us,
				   minimum 2 us for fast-mode I2C,
				   minimum 5 us for standard-mode I2C and SMBus,
				   maximum 50 us for SMBus */
	int timeout;		/* 单位 jiffies */
};

第三个成员i2c_gpio_platform_data,用于保存具体的硬件资源

/**
 * struct i2c_gpio_platform_data - Platform-dependent data for i2c-gpio
 * @sda_pin: GPIO pin ID to use for SDA
 * @scl_pin: GPIO pin ID to use for SCL
 * @udelay: signal toggle delay. SCL frequency is (500 / udelay) kHz
 * @timeout: clock stretching timeout in jiffies. If the slave keeps
 *	SCL low for longer than this, the transfer will time out.
 * @sda_is_open_drain: SDA is configured as open drain, i.e. the pin
 *	isn't actively driven high when setting the output value high.
 *	gpio_get_value() must return the actual pin state even if the
 *	pin is configured as an output.
 * @scl_is_open_drain: SCL is set up as open drain. Same requirements
 *	as for sda_is_open_drain apply.
 * @scl_is_output_only: SCL output drivers cannot be turned off.
 */
struct i2c_gpio_platform_data {
	unsigned int	sda_pin; /* sda 对应的引脚 */
	unsigned int	scl_pin; /* scl 对应的引脚 */
	int		udelay;  /* 信号触发延时,直接决定SCL引脚的频率:(500/udelay)kHz */
	int		timeout; /* 如果从设备的SCL低电平保持大于timeout jiffies,传输过程认为超时 */
	unsigned int	sda_is_open_drain:1; /* 将SDA引脚设置成开漏输出,开漏的意思是,如果设置成开漏,引脚外部没有上拉,高电平输不出来 */
	unsigned int	scl_is_open_drain:1; /* 将SCL引脚设置成开漏输出 */
	unsigned int	scl_is_output_only:1;/*  */
};

(2)i2c_gpio_setsda_dir,设置 i2c_gpio_platform_data 结构体中的 SDA 引脚的方向:1输入,0输出

/* 改变SDA引脚的方向 */
static void i2c_gpio_setsda_dir(void *data, int state)
{
	struct i2c_gpio_platform_data *pdata = data; /*  */

	if (state)
		gpio_direction_input(pdata->sda_pin);
	else
		gpio_direction_output(pdata->sda_pin, 0);
}

(3)i2c_gpio_setsda_val,设置SDA引脚上的值高/低,state可以的取值是GPIO_HIGHT / GPIO_LOW

/*
 * 改变 SDA 引脚上的电平. This is only
 * valid for pins configured as open drain (i.e. setting the value
 * high effectively turns off the output driver.)
 */
static void i2c_gpio_setsda_val(void *data, int state)
{
	struct i2c_gpio_platform_data *pdata = data;

	gpio_set_value(pdata->sda_pin, state);
}

(4)i2c_gpio_setscl_dir,设置 SDA 引脚的输入输出方向:1入,0出

/* Toggle SCL by changing the direction of the pin. */
static void i2c_gpio_setscl_dir(void *data, int state)
{
	struct i2c_gpio_platform_data *pdata = data;

	if (state)
		gpio_direction_input(pdata->scl_pin);
	else
		gpio_direction_output(pdata->scl_pin, 0);
}

(5)i2c_gpio_setscl_val,设置 SCL 引脚上的高低电平,state可以取值是GPIO_HIGHT / GPIO_LOW

/*
 * Toggle SCL by changing the output value of the pin. This is used
 * for pins that are configured as open drain and for output-only
 * pins. The latter case will break the i2c protocol, but it will
 * often work in practice.
 */
static void i2c_gpio_setscl_val(void *data, int state)
{
	struct i2c_gpio_platform_data *pdata = data;

	gpio_set_value(pdata->scl_pin, state);
}

(6)得到 SDA , SCL 引脚上的电平,返回值的取值是 GPIO_HIGHT /GPIO_LOW

static int i2c_gpio_getsda(void *data)
{
	struct i2c_gpio_platform_data *pdata = data;

	return gpio_get_value(pdata->sda_pin);
}

static int i2c_gpio_getscl(void *data)
{
	struct i2c_gpio_platform_data *pdata = data;

	return gpio_get_value(pdata->scl_pin);
}

(7)然后我们来看看模块的初始化和退出

static int __init i2c_gpio_init(void)
{
	int ret;

	ret = platform_driver_register(&i2c_gpio_driver); /* 将驱动注册到系统中 */
	if (ret)
		printk(KERN_ERR "i2c-gpio: probe failed: %d\n", ret);

	return ret;
}
subsys_initcall(i2c_gpio_init);

static void __exit i2c_gpio_exit(void)
{
	platform_driver_unregister(&i2c_gpio_driver); /*  相应的释放函数 */
}
module_exit(i2c_gpio_exit);

(8)注册的这个驱动 i2c_gpio_driver 如下

static struct platform_driver i2c_gpio_driver = {
	.driver		= {
		.name	= "i2c-gpio",
		.owner	= THIS_MODULE,
		.of_match_table	= of_match_ptr(i2c_gpio_dt_ids),
	},
	.probe		= i2c_gpio_probe,
	.remove		= __devexit_p(i2c_gpio_remove),
};

其中的 of_match_ptr 由于用的是平台文件的匹配方式,CONFIG_OF 这个宏(跟设备树有关)没有开启,因此,此处的 of_match_ptr 返回值是 i2c_gpio_dt_ids

#if defined(CONFIG_OF)
static const struct of_device_id i2c_gpio_dt_ids[] = {
	{ .compatible = "i2c-gpio", },
	{ /* sentinel */ }
};

MODULE_DEVICE_TABLE(of, i2c_gpio_dt_ids);
#endif

可以看到,即使 i2c_gpio_dt_ids 也依赖于 CONFIG_OF 这个宏,因此 .of_match_table 没有定义,根据匹配的规则,最后检查的是 .name ,这要是有 设备的名字是 i2c-gpio 就能匹配上了,匹配上,将调用 i2c_gpio_probe,此部分代码加到,部分代码将用语言代替他的实现

static int __devinit i2c_gpio_probe(struct platform_device *pdev)
{
	struct i2c_gpio_private_data *priv;
	struct i2c_gpio_platform_data *pdata;
	struct i2c_algo_bit_data *bit_data;
	struct i2c_adapter *adap;
	int ret;

	priv = devm_kzalloc(&pdev->dev, sizeof(*priv), GFP_KERNEL);

	adap = &priv->adap;
	bit_data = &priv->bit_data;
	pdata = &priv->pdata;

	if (pdev->dev.of_node) { /* 没有设备树,执行 else */
		ret = of_i2c_gpio_probe(pdev->dev.of_node, pdata);
		if (ret)
			return ret;
	} else {
		if (!pdev->dev.platform_data) return -ENXIO;
		memcpy(pdata, pdev->dev.platform_data, sizeof(*pdata));
	}

	/* 检查 SDA 和 SCL 引脚是不是有效 */

	if (pdata->sda_is_open_drain) { /* 这里实现的是当输出的时候,将开漏打开,引脚上有上拉电阻,输入的时候,关闭开漏,引脚上无上拉电阻 */
		gpio_direction_output(pdata->sda_pin, 1); /* 将 SDA 引脚设置成输出,并且输出为 1 */
		bit_data->setsda = i2c_gpio_setsda_val;
	} else {
		gpio_direction_input(pdata->sda_pin);
		bit_data->setsda = i2c_gpio_setsda_dir;
	}

	if (pdata->scl_is_open_drain || pdata->scl_is_output_only) {
		gpio_direction_output(pdata->scl_pin, 1);
		bit_data->setscl = i2c_gpio_setscl_val;
	} else {
		gpio_direction_input(pdata->scl_pin);
		bit_data->setscl = i2c_gpio_setscl_dir;
	}

	if (!pdata->scl_is_output_only) /* 绑定i2c_algo_bit_data结构体 bit_data 中的 getscl 函数 */
		bit_data->getscl = i2c_gpio_getscl; 
	bit_data->getsda = i2c_gpio_getsda; /* 绑定i2c_algo_bit_data结构体 bit_data 中的 getsda 函数 */

	if (pdata->udelay) /* 绑定udelay,用于设置scl的频率 */
		bit_data->udelay = pdata->udelay;
	else if (pdata->scl_is_output_only) /* 默认的,并且 scl 设置成单输出,频率是 10kHz */
		bit_data->udelay = 50;			/* 10 kHz */
	else
		bit_data->udelay = 5;			/* 100 kHz */

	if (pdata->timeout)
		bit_data->timeout = pdata->timeout;
	else
		bit_data->timeout = HZ / 10;		/* 默认100 ms */

	bit_data->data = pdata;

	adap->owner = THIS_MODULE;
	snprintf(adap->name, sizeof(adap->name), "i2c-gpio%d", pdev->id); /* i2c_adapter 的名字 */
	adap->algo_data = bit_data;
	adap->class = I2C_CLASS_HWMON | I2C_CLASS_SPD;
	adap->dev.parent = &pdev->dev;
	adap->dev.of_node = pdev->dev.of_node;

	/*
	 * 如果 "dev->id" 是负数,我们认为是0.
	 * The reason to do so is to avoid sysfs names that only make
	 * sense when there are multiple adapters.
	 */
	adap->nr = (pdev->id != -1) ? pdev->id : 0;
	ret = i2c_bit_add_numbered_bus(adap); /* adapter 跟 i2c总线关联,如果 nr = -1,i2c的号自动分配,得到适配器,返回0成功 */
	if (ret)
		goto err_add_bus;

	of_i2c_register_devices(adap); /* CONFIG_OF_I2C和CONFIG_OF_I2C_MODULE都没定义,不执行这句 */

	platform_set_drvdata(pdev, priv); /* ... */

	dev_info(&pdev->dev, "using pins %u (SDA) and %u (SCL%s)\n",
		 pdata->sda_pin, pdata->scl_pin,
		 pdata->scl_is_output_only
		 ? ", no clock stretching" : "");

	return 0;

err_add_bus:
	gpio_free(pdata->scl_pin);
err_request_scl:
	gpio_free(pdata->sda_pin);
err_request_sda:
	return ret;
}

相应的要有删除函数

static int __devexit i2c_gpio_remove(struct platform_device *pdev)
{
	struct i2c_gpio_private_data *priv;
	struct i2c_gpio_platform_data *pdata;
	struct i2c_adapter *adap;

	priv = platform_get_drvdata(pdev);
	adap = &priv->adap;
	pdata = &priv->pdata;

	i2c_del_adapter(adap); /* 删除适配器 */
	gpio_free(pdata->scl_pin);
	gpio_free(pdata->sda_pin); 

	return 0;
}

要用这个文件,需要做的是让内核支持,我用的内核版本是3.4.112

make menuconfig

选择 Device Drivers --->

<*> I2C support  --->

I2C Hardware Bus support  ---> 

<*> GPIO-based bitbanging I2C


重新将uImage放到开发板上,在根文件系统下会多出个节点:

./sys/bus/platform/drivers/i2c-gpio


3. 实例

对于上边的程序,在driver中已经存在,对于我们需要做的是编写 设备程序

设备可以在用户板级的配置文件中编写,也可以单独的写一个模块,然后加载,以下程序采用后者

由于手头上有个 mpu6050,所以,就以mpu6050为例,采用的传感器的小板子是 GY-521

mpu6050_gpio_dev.c

#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/platform_device.h>
#include <linux/i2c-gpio.h>
#include <mach/regs-gpio.h>
#include <mach/hardware.h>
#include <linux/i2c.h>
#include <linux/delay.h>

MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");

static struct i2c_gpio_platform_data i2c_gpio_adapter_data = {     
    .sda_pin = S3C2410_GPB(8),     
    .scl_pin = S3C2410_GPB(7),
    .udelay = 50, //5,100kHz 50,10kHz
    .timeout = 200,     
    /* .sda_is_open_drain = 1, */
    /* .scl_is_open_drain = 1, */
    /* .scl_is_output_only = 1, */
};

static void mxs_nop_release(struct device *dev)
{
    printk("mpu6050_i2c_gpio_dev release\n");
}

static struct platform_device i2c_gpio = {     
    .name = "i2c-gpio",
    .id = 1,
    .dev = {
        .platform_data = &i2c_gpio_adapter_data,
        .release = mxs_nop_release,
    },     
};     

static int mpu6050_i2c_gpio_dev_init(void)
{
    printk("mpu6050_i2c_gpio_dev_init.\n");

    platform_device_register(&i2c_gpio);

    return 0;
}

static void mpu6050_i2c_gpio_dev_exit(void)
{
    printk("mpu6050_dev_exit.\n");

    platform_device_unregister(&i2c_gpio);
}

module_init(mpu6050_i2c_gpio_dev_init);
module_exit(mpu6050_i2c_gpio_dev_exit);

Makefile

ifeq ($(KERNELRELEASE),)

#KERNELDIR ?= /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build 
KERNELDIR ?= ~/wor_lip/linux-3.4.112
PWD := $(shell pwd)

modules:
	$(MAKE) -C $(KERNELDIR) M=$(PWD) modules

modules_install:
	$(MAKE) -C $(KERNELDIR) M=$(PWD) modules_install

clean:
	rm -rf *.o *~ core .depend .*.cmd *.ko *.mod.c .tmp_versions modules* Module*

.PHONY: modules modules_install clean

else
	obj-m := mpu6050_gpio_dev.o
endif

【1】将编译生成的文件,拷贝到开发板的文件系统中去,加载后出现匹配成功的字符,会在 /dev 文件夹下创建 i2c-1 ,还有一个 i2c-0 是用控制器控制的i2c接口,前边章节有讲

【2】我们使用的时候只需要像 i2c驱动二:devfs文件系统中的方法一样就行,只需要将读取的文件改成 i2c-1 即可,应用程序如下

mpu6050_devfs.c

#include <stdio.h>
#include <linux/i2c.h>
#include <linux/i2c-dev.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <sys/ioctl.h>

#define ARRAY_SIZE(arr) (sizeof(arr) / sizeof((arr)[0]))

#define SMPLRT_DIV      0x19
#define CONFIG          0x1A
#define GYRO_CONFIG     0x1B
#define ACCEL_CONFIG    0x1C
#define ACCEL_XOUT_H    0x3B
#define ACCEL_XOUT_L    0x3C
#define ACCEL_YOUT_H    0x3D
#define ACCEL_YOUT_L    0x3E
#define ACCEL_ZOUT_H    0x3F
#define ACCEL_ZOUT_L    0x40
#define TEMP_OUT_H      0x41
#define TEMP_OUT_L      0x42
#define GYRO_XOUT_H     0x43
#define GYRO_XOUT_L     0x44
#define GYRO_YOUT_H     0x45
#define GYRO_YOUT_L     0x46
#define GYRO_ZOUT_H     0x47
#define GYRO_ZOUT_L     0x48
#define PWR_MGMT_1      0x6B

#define ADDR_MPU6050    0x68

static int mpu6050_read_byte(int fd, unsigned char reg)
{
    int ret = 0;
    unsigned char txbuf[1] = {reg};
    unsigned char rxbuf[1];
    struct i2c_rdwr_ioctl_data mpu_data;

    ioctl(fd, I2C_TIMEOUT, 1);
    ioctl(fd, I2C_RETRIES, 2);

    struct i2c_msg msg[] = {
        {
            .addr = ADDR_MPU6050, /* 设备的地址 */
            .flags= 0, /* 0 是写,I2C_RDWR 是读 */
            .len = ARRAY_SIZE(txbuf), /* msg 的长度 */
            .buf = txbuf
        },
        {ADDR_MPU6050, I2C_M_RD, ARRAY_SIZE(rxbuf), rxbuf},
    };
    mpu_data.msgs = msg;
    mpu_data.nmsgs = ARRAY_SIZE(msg);

    ret = ioctl(fd, I2C_RDWR, &mpu_data);
    if (ret < 0) {
        printf("ret = %d\n", ret);
        return ret;
    }

    return rxbuf[0];
}

static int mpu6050_write_byte(int fd, unsigned char reg, unsigned char val)
{
    unsigned char txbuf[2] = {reg, val};
    struct i2c_rdwr_ioctl_data mpu_data;

    ioctl(fd, I2C_TIMEOUT, 1);
    ioctl(fd, I2C_RETRIES, 2);

    struct i2c_msg msg[] = {
        {ADDR_MPU6050, 0, ARRAY_SIZE(txbuf), txbuf},
    };
    mpu_data.msgs = msg;
    mpu_data.nmsgs = ARRAY_SIZE(msg);

    ioctl(fd, I2C_RDWR, &mpu_data);

    return 0;
}

static void read_mpu6050(int fd)
{
    unsigned short accel_x = 0, accel_y = 0, accel_z = 0;
    unsigned short gyro_x = 0, gyro_y = 0, gyro_z = 0;
    unsigned short temp = 0;

    mpu6050_write_byte(fd, PWR_MGMT_1, 0x00);
    mpu6050_write_byte(fd, SMPLRT_DIV, 0x07);
    mpu6050_write_byte(fd, CONFIG, 0x06);
    mpu6050_write_byte(fd, GYRO_CONFIG, 0x18);
    mpu6050_write_byte(fd, ACCEL_CONFIG, 0x01);

    while(1) {
        accel_x = mpu6050_read_byte(fd, ACCEL_XOUT_L);
        accel_x |= mpu6050_read_byte(fd, ACCEL_XOUT_H) << 8;

        accel_y =  mpu6050_read_byte(fd, ACCEL_YOUT_L);
        accel_y |= mpu6050_read_byte(fd, ACCEL_YOUT_H) << 8;

        accel_z = mpu6050_read_byte(fd, ACCEL_ZOUT_L);
        accel_z |= mpu6050_read_byte(fd, ACCEL_ZOUT_H) << 8;

        printf("acceleration data: x = %04x, y = %04x, z = %04x\n", accel_x, accel_y, accel_z);

        gyro_x = mpu6050_read_byte(fd, GYRO_XOUT_L);
        gyro_x |= mpu6050_read_byte(fd, GYRO_XOUT_H) << 8;

        gyro_y = mpu6050_read_byte(fd, GYRO_YOUT_L);
        gyro_y |= mpu6050_read_byte(fd, GYRO_YOUT_H) << 8;

        gyro_z = mpu6050_read_byte(fd, GYRO_ZOUT_L);
        gyro_z |= mpu6050_read_byte(fd, GYRO_ZOUT_H) << 8;

        printf("gyroscope data: x = %04x, y = %04x, z = %04x\n", gyro_x, gyro_y, gyro_z);

        temp = mpu6050_read_byte(fd, TEMP_OUT_L);
        temp |= mpu6050_read_byte(fd, TEMP_OUT_H) << 8;

        printf("temperature data: %x\n", temp);

        usleep(1000*1000);
    }
}

int main(int argc, const char *argv[])
{
    int fd;

    fd = open("/dev/i2c-1", O_RDWR);
    if (fd < 0)
        perror("open error");

    read_mpu6050(fd);
    
    close(fd);
    return 0;
}

【1】编译命令别忘了:

arm-none-linux-gnueabi-gcc mpu6050_devfs.c -o mpu6050_devfs -march=armv4t

【2】以下是运行成功的打印信息


作者:qqliyunpeng 发表于2016/11/16 18:45:10 原文链接
阅读:51 评论:0 查看评论

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